The anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFA are based on their ability to decrease endogenous concentrations of ROS and expression of NF-kB and promote activation of genes involved in antioxidant protection
Liraglutide also decreased angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress by increasing the levels of NADPH oxidase activity, increasing endothelial NO availability, and reducing immune cell infiltration by reducing the levels of F4/80 (a macrophage marker F4/80 with proinflammatory properties) expression in cardiac tissue thus reducing the overall level of oxidative stress in hypertensive heart disease
DOI: 10.1039/9781839165894-00001
According to the UK SmPC, the most frequently reported adverse effects include nausea (occurring in approximately 44% of patients), diarrhoea (30%), vomiting (24%), constipation (24%), and abdominal pain (20%)
Also, avoid taking pain-relief medicines before seeing your doctor, because these medications can mask appendicitis symptoms and make diagnosis difficult
Ethics declarations Competing interests D.B