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For most patients, weekly or bi-weekly B12 injections provide the best results
In April 2026, the Food and Drug Administration announced plans to consider allowing some of them to be made to order at specialist pharmacies after banning them in 2023
Mechanistic studies would be strengthened by isoform-specific NOS experiments, FAK or paxillin pathway inhibition, VEGFR2 pathway modulation, direct measurement of endothelial and fibroblast markers, and rescue experiments that test whether blocking one pathway prevents downstream effects
FDAs own review staff recommended against adding all seven substances, citing an absence of human clinical evidence for several and, for BPC-157, studies that were small, uncontrolled or contradictory
All of these findings are in rodents, and their relevance to humans is unestablished