DSIP is administered subcutaneously, just beneath the skin, typically in the abdominal area
Free radicals are associated with several health problems, including elevated risks of chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer
For instance, during oxidative phosphorylation, a process in which cells produce energy in the mitochondria, electrons sometimes leak from the electron transport chain, resulting in the incomplete reduction of molecular oxygen (O 2 ) to produce the superoxide anion (O 2 ), a primary ROS [33]
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According to stability studies for the fabricated nanosystems, it was concluded that nanovesicular carriers may provide a protective core for active products, preventing them from being exposed to environmental conditions