Inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor, resulting from lesions that destroy the gastric mucosa (which can be caused by ingestion of corrosives, extensive tumors, and conditions associated with gastric atrophy, such as multiple sclerosis, certain endocrine disorders, iron deficiency, and subtotal gastrectomy) Structural lesions leading to vitamin B 12 deficiency, including regional ileitis, ileal reactions, and malignancies Competition for vitamin B 12 by intestinal parasites or bacteria
Injections are a good fit when you want a focused shot, while IV therapy is better when hydration is part of the goal
No contraindications are documented for injectable use in domestic animals
It also aids in producing serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood and emotional balance
AUA Update Series , Volume 40
While efforts are made to maintain accuracy and currency, the information may contain errors, omissions, or may not reflect the latest developments
