Note that the clinically validated, approved route is the intranasal spray (registered only in Russia/Ukraine)
doi: 10.7759/cureus.37862
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When people (and mice) consume L-carnitine, the scientists found, certain microbes in the gut step in and metabolize the compound, creating another chemical known as trimethylamine-N-oxide, or TMAO -- which, in turn, seems to play a key role in promoting cardiovascular disease by altering the way the body processes cholesterol
Mathematical modeling results showed increased fat metabolism, decreased glucose metabolism, and increased synthesis/turnover of NAD+, carnitine, and glutathione. Ninth Human Niagen Study That Demonstrates Effectiveness: An ex vivo and pilot clinical study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation investigated mitochondrial dysfunction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, or white blood cells)
& Ji, L