The locus coeruleus is involved in opioid addiction development: in mice, hypothalamic hypocretin innervation increases after morphine administration, correlated with an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase expression (the enzyme that catalyzes the rate limiting step in this synthesis of catecholamines)
Intensity and duration of each symptom vary depending on the type of substance, dosage, frequency of use, and the individuals overall physical and mental health
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Some case reports support the evidence that opioid withdrawal leads to sympathetic hyperactivity and increased catecholamine release, which may trigger catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy, resulting in heart failure and fatal arrhythmias (8)
Early research highlighted clonidines ability to significantly reduce the opiate withdrawal syndrome, establishing it as an effective agent for detoxification
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