10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01237.x Alcohol Clin Exp Res
3 Gut biomarkers in T2DM, AD and PCOS The gut microbiota is a microbial community that colonizes the human body, comprising bacteria, fungi, archaea, viruses, and protozoa, and is regarded as an indispensable component of the human organism ( The gut microbiota produces a wide array of metabolites, including bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (e.g., propionate and butyrate), and amino acids, which modulate insulin sensitivity and maintain systemic metabolic homeostasis (Liu et al., 2022c)
Pycnogenol has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant in laboratory tests and clinical studies.[] Pycnogenol improves antioxidant capacity, endothelial function, vascular integrity and has significant anti-inflammatory potential in humans.[] The radical scavenging properties described of Pycnogenol were assumed to have a potential radioprotective effect
These are known for boosting the immune system
Additionally, patients using both treatments may attribute weight loss or adverse effects to the wrong agent, complicating clinical assessment
Experimental studies using animal models have corroborated these findings
