Furthermore, worsening of fibrosis was significantly reduced with liraglutide compared to placebo
Sodium-glucose co-transporters (SGLT2) inhibitors This class of antidiabetic drugs lowers plasma glucose by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule
Orforglipron is a once-daily, non-peptide oral GLP-1 receptor agonist from Eli Lilly
Understanding how lactate metabolism and lactylation are regulated in the brain, and how their dysregulation contributes to neurological disease, has therefore become an important topic in contemporary neuroscience research
Compare all providers side-by-side on our telehealth comparison page
At a glance: AOA-flagged ocular risks NAION (Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy) Identified as a very rare but serious risk associated with semaglutide, the most prescribed GLP-1RA (Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus) Up to 2 increased risk with semaglutide use After conducting risk assessment, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) calls for updated product info to list NAION as a very rare side effect Signs: Sudden, painless unilateral vision loss, visual field defect, dyschromatopsia, and optic disc swelling Discontinue GLP1RA and refer immediately if NAION is suspected Diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression In the SUSTAIN-6 trial, semaglutide users showed a higher rate of DR complications (3.0%) than placebo (1.8%) This may result from rapid HbA1c reduction, a known contributor to early DR worsening Especially concerning in patients with preexisting DR Perform a baseline dilated eye exam and follow up within 1218 months of treatment initiation Neovascular AMD A population-based study found GLP-1RA users had a 2 higher relative risk of developing wet AMD (0.2% vs 0.1%) Though absolute risk remains low, the potential impact is vision-threatening Closely monitor individuals with AMD risk factors or history Other rare events Isolated reports of: Uveitis Diplopia Optic neuropathies beyond NAION These are not yet confirmed by large-scale trials but suggest the need for comprehensive baseline evaluations
