The oral daily dose far exceeds the vitamin requirement because the normal transporter protein-mediated absorption is absent, leaving only very inefficient intestinal passive absorption
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Receiving a b12 injection under medical supervision ensures safety and efficacy
For many research protocols, particularly those involving long-term observations or where ease of administration is a significant factor, an oral compound is often the first choice
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Certain groups face elevated risk of B12 deficiency and should discuss testing with their healthcare provider: Individuals following vegan or strict vegetarian diets without adequate supplementation Older adults (particularly those over 60 years), due to reduced gastric acid production People with gastrointestinal conditions including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or those who have undergone gastric or ileal surgery Long-term users of medications affecting B12 absorption, such as metformin (MHRA advises monitoring B12 levels), PPIs, or H2-receptor antagonists Individuals with pernicious anaemia or family history of this autoimmune condition People with exposure to nitrous oxide (recreational or occupational), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnostic testing typically involves serum B12 measurement , though this may not always reflect tissue stores accurately
