Beyond their established role in blood sugar control and weight loss, research is exploring effects on the gut, brain, and hormone regulation
There are some potential biases in these data that we need to be cautious about, but this gives us some valuable insights about the risk profile of these agents that can inform subsequent studies perhaps even a randomized controlled trial that can tease out the specific mechanisms and provide more conclusive evidence. Reduced risk overall GLP-1 receptor agonists have been approved in the United States to treat diabetes since 2005 and obesity since 2014
The peptide is metabolized by the liver with a reported plasma half-life of under 30 minutes
In the 1960s, Maibach and Kligman 16 analyzed sunless tanner with varying DHA concentrations as a treatment for vitiligo, finding that 5% DHA concentration was satisfactory for White patients, while up to 30% concentration was necessary for Black patients
In this respect, higher serum homocysteine levels may alter intracellular lipid metabolism, resulting in liver steatosis 25
A network meta-analysis confirmed that adverse events were significantly more frequent with retatrutide (relative risk 4.10) compared to tirzepatide (relative risk 2.78) when both were measured against placebo