Potential benefits being investigated include: Cognitive performance : Some small-scale human studies have shown mixed results on cognitive tasks among participants receiving GLP-1 receptor agonists, with no consistent pattern of improvement established in randomised trials to date Cognitive decline : Observational data from diabetes cohorts suggest that patients prescribed GLP-1 agents may experience different rates of cognitive deterioration compared to those on other diabetes medications, though causality cannot be established Dementia risk : Population-based studies have indicated a possible association between GLP-1 receptor agonist use and dementia diagnoses, though these findings require confirmation in prospective trials Neuroimaging markers : Early research is examining potential effects on brain structure and function, but definitive evidence of preservation of brain volume has not been established Important limitations and considerations: Limited human trial data : Most evidence comes from animal models or observational studies
sclerotiorum and proteins differentially regulated between the two cultivars identified
5,28,29 SGLT2 inhibitors are therefore particularly useful for diabetic patients with HF.3 Moreover, attenuation in endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness by reducing oxidative stress has also been reported, bringing potential benefits in vascular diseases.29,30 Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin have also shown anti-fibrotic effects in rats and human cardiac fibroblasts.31,32 Importantly, SGLT2 inhibitors induce weight loss and increase HDL levels in trials.11,12,26 They also increase lipolysis and reduce inflammation in adipose tissues.33 The switch from utilisation of glucose to ketones is also believed to be beneficial, especially for cardiac metabolism.5 All of these mechanisms may help to explain the cardiovascular benefits observed.11,12 The DAPA-HF and the EMPEROR-Reduced (NCT03057977) trials showed statistically significant reductions in HF hospitalisation, regardless of history of diabetes.34 However, the change in mortality did not reach statistical significance in EMPEROR-Reduced.35 The cardioprotective mechanisms independent of glucose lowering are still not fully understood
For example, prostate cancer and B-cell lymphomas promote FAO as the main source of energy production and express FAO enzymes at high levels, even under nutrient-replete conditions 10,11
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