Phase 2 Obesity Trial Jastreboff et al., New England Journal of Medicine (2023) Jastreboff and colleagues conducted a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of retatrutide in adults with obesity
Native GLP-1 has been infused by the subcutaneous route (4.8 pmol/kg/min) using a portable insulin pump in a non-randomized study of subjects with type 2 diabetes over the age of 40 (mean age 55) with mean initial HbA1c of about 9%, and mean fasting glucose ~14 mM
Initially, main concerns were receptor-activating activity while recently, downstream effects of GLP-1R and GIPR have been more and more revealed that not only receptor activation promotes cAMP and stimulates insulin releasing, but also other factors (-arrestin recruitment, residence time, etc.) influence receptor internalization, which further elicits long-term effects in vivo
36 In good accordance, increased postprandial GLP-1 levels are associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis in non-diabetic postmenopausal women
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