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One example is the dysregulation of GSH homeostasis and alterated levels or functions of GSTs (both decrease or increase) 48,49
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NRs pathway is more direct. Bioavailability Because NR can cross cell membranes without modification, it has a more efficient route to raising intracellular NAD+ levels
This finding indicates that the effects of dopamine on astrocytes, like many other cell types, is context- and environment-dependent
The authors hypothesized that Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) may exert protective and antidepressant effects on the hippocampus by inhibiting CMUS-induced oxidative stress, which is achieved through APS activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway in depressed rats (Su et al., 2021)