N Engl J Med 352:16851695 Ridker PM (2016) From C-reactive protein to interleukin-6 to interleukin-1: moving upstream to identify novel targets for atheroprotection
Side effects during days 1-3 are typically minimal
We conducted a comprehensive literature search across databases, including PubMed and Web of Science, compiling data from clinical trials, case reports, and basic research studies published up to 2025, with a focus on the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of action of drugs such as liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide in patients with MC4R deficiency
Regulatory review for additional oral GLP-1 options is anticipated in the coming years, potentially as early as 2026
Firstly, the full-length GLP-1 (137) was found to be catalysed by endopeptidase to the biologically active GLP-1 (737)
Nowell, J., Blunt, E., Gupta, D