10.1016/s0009-9120(99)00022-3 105 SeverA
[35] Etminan M, Takkouche B, Caamano-Isorna F
The exact mechanism remains unresolved after decades: no specific receptor, precursor gene, or biosynthetic pathway has been definitively identified
Waldorf, M.D
INGREDIENTS Proprietary LiverTone blend: Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus) leaf extract, Red spinach (Amaranthus tricolor) leaf extract, Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seed extract, Broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica) seed extract, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) Proprietary oil blend: Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) flower bud extract, Immortelle (Helichrysum italicum) flowering top extract, Citrus Fresh oil blend [Orange (Citrus sinensis) peel oil, Tangerine (Citrus reticulata) peel oil, Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) peel oil, Lemon (Citrus limon) peel oil, Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel oil, Spearmint (Mentha spicata) leaf oil], Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) aerial parts essential oil, German chamomile (Matricaria recutita)flower oil, Myrtle (Myrtus communis) leaf oil

Effectively inhibits melanin production and blocks melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes, thereby significantly reducing the appearance of dark spots, sun spots, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, resulting in a brighter and more even skin tone