Therefore, the development of an oral delivery strategy for peptide GLP-1R agonists is expected to reduce these adverse effects and improve patient compliance and quality of life (Borner et al., 2020
At this point further modifications catalyzed by aldehyde dehydrogenase and aldo-keto reductase allow to obtain carboxyethylmercapturic acid and 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid respectively, which are escreted with urine (Fig
When paired with BPC-157, we think of glutathione as a detoxifier
Abbreviations BV: Bee venom T-47D: Human breast ductal carcinoma Resistance T-47D: Resistance human breast ductal carcinoma Panc1: Human pancreatic cancer Pc3: Human prostate cancer MCF 10A: Non-malignant breast cell LD50: The median lethal dose Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 BAX: Bcl-2-associated X protein SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate KDa: Kilodalton BC: Breast cancer PI: Propidium iodide FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate PLA2: Phospholipase A2 TNBC: Triple-negative breast cancer cells HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 Caspases: Cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed proteases EGFR: Epidermal growth factor MAPK: The mitogen-activated protein kinase Akt: Protein kinase B HCL: Hydrochloric acid DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide ELISA: Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid DOX: Doxorubicin PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline RNA: Acid EAC: Ascites carcinoma of Ehrlich IP: Intraperitoneally GSH: Glutathione SOD: Superoxide dismutase MDA: Malondialdehyde TIR: Tumor inhibition ratio TBS: Tris-buffered saline AST: Aspartate aminotransferase ALT: Alanine transaminase ATI: Acute tubular injury TBS: Tris-buffered saline U87: Human glioblastoma cell HCT116: Colon cancer cells 8-MG-BA: Human glioblastoma cell A1235: Human glioblastoma cell MDA-MB-231: Breast cancer cell MCF-7: Human breast cancer cell SW480: Colon cancer cell Cyt C: Cytochrome C P53: Tumor suppressor protein TNF: Tumor necrosis factor PI3Ks: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases mTOR: The mammalian target of rapamycin NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells HeLa: Cervical cancer cells ROS: Reactive oxygen species BAX: Bcl-2-associated X protein Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large ER: Estrogen receptor alpha MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase DR: Death receptor PARP: Polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase References Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Parkin DM, Pieros M, Znaor A, Bray F (2021) Cancer statistics for the year 2020: an overview
When this enzyme is overwhelmed, and too much-oxidized GSSG accumulates (compared to the active GSH), your cells become susceptible to damage
All the authors approved the final version to be published
