Angle the needle so it touches the inside glass wall of the vial
In some cases, we use both routes concurrentlyoral for gut health and injection for joint or tendon repair
Acta Orthop
Chemosphere 217 , 629635 (2019)
Cartilage faces even greater obstacles given avascular nature (no blood vessels penetrating tissue), low cell density (chondrocytes sparse within extensive extracellular matrix), minimal metabolic activity (slow turnover and repair), and mechanical loading challenges (constant stress impeding healing)
Moreover, although the primary objective of this study was not to evaluate immunogenicity, we acknowledge that comprehensive immunogenicity assessments, especially in the context of prolonged treatments, will be critical when testing therapeutic protein candidates in future applications of this delivery platform