Accordingly, women who receive hormone replacement therapy are less likely to develop venous leg ulcers or pressure ulcers than untreated controls, and anti-estrogen therapies, such as tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, are also correlated with poor wound healing (Thornton, 2013)
In addition, TNF- and IL-6 have also been shown to down-regulate the expression of collagen-I [47]
Published clinical data shows measurable changes in collagen density and skin firmness at 12 weeks of consistent GHK-Cu topical serum use
The peptide appears to promote cell migration and angiogenesis, key processes in tissue repair
What are common side effects
Beyond minoxidil, other topical actives have shown promise in combination: copper peptides (Kuceki 2025) demonstrated significant results in resistant cases, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been studied in network meta-analyses, and GHK-Cu serums work through complementary mechanisms