J Clin Invest 2014;124:447388.ArticlePubMedPMC 40
The scientific question is whether these claims are supported by human outcomes, not just by theory, animal research, or peptide-market positioning
Related studies using growth hormone as a ligand confirmed that this JAK2-independent pathway can activate ERK1/2 through the activation of Ras-like small GTPases, RalA, and RalB in NIH-3T3 cells and through the activation of Rap1 and Rap2 (111, 112)
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Recent years have seen a paradigm shift in MASLD research, moving beyond static metabolic abnormalities toward a more integrated view that includes endocrine, immunological, and chronobiological inputs