Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system and in the formation of blood
GHK-CU (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) is a copper-binding peptide studied for its role in tissue remodeling, skin regeneration, collagen-related pathways, and cellular repair mechanisms
It modulates the amount of water in the body and the movement of sodium into and out of cells is essential for proper cell-to-cell signaling
Unlike many growth factors that mainly promote hypertrophy (enlargement of existing muscle fibers), IGF1 LR3 research suggests it may also boost hyperplasia, the formation of new muscle fibers through satellite cell start and proliferation
Sattar N, Neeland IJ, Dahlqvist Leinhard O, Fernndez Land L, Bray R, Linge J, Rodriguez A (2025) Tirzepatide and muscle composition changes in people with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3 MRI): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial
Because peptides mimic natural signals, they are thought to have fewer side effects than drugs