Research is mixed, but generally points to systemic effects
Yamamuro T, Kawabata T, Fukuhara A, Saita S, Nakamura S, Takeshita H, Fujiwara M, Enokidani Y, Yoshida G, Tabata K, et al
There are four main classes of lipoproteins, each with a different, important function 11 : Chylomicrons are produced in the small intestines and deliver energy-rich dietary fats to muscles (for energy) or fat cells (for storage)
This aligns with the drug's 7-day half-life creating sufficient accumulation
But it does mean you're accepting risks that don't exist with topical application, for benefits that may not be meaningfully greater
Many clients have experienced quick and noticeable improvements in energy and overall well-being after starting B12 injections, when medically indicated