Effect of sleeve gastrectomy on ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY, and GIP gut hormones: a systematic review and meta-analysis
232 Rieger et al
Absence of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP4) ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity in mice due to defective lipid absorption
The complexity of DPP4 action stems from (i) a long list of substrates cleaved by the enzyme including hormones, growth factors, and cytokines, (ii) an additional function of this protein being a binding partner at the surface of different cells, specifically immune cells, and (iii) the recent discovery that DPP4 is an adipokine with different endocrine functions
While GLP-1 agonists are generally safe, long-term supplement use carries unknown risks, and periodic lab work provides reassurance
Before you inject, make sure you have: Your GLP-1 syringe Alcohol swab Sharps container Band-aid (just in case) 7