doi:10.1007/s00449-009-0297-x Fu D (2015) Yeast glutathione nutrition preparation
Common signs of B12 deficiency include persistent fatigue, weakness, and symptoms of anemia such as pale skin and shortness of breath
TCB II: 4247kDa protein Essential protein in the delivery of vitamin B12 to cells and tissues The production site of TCB II is primarily hepatocytic, and secondarily endothelial, monocytic and intestinal Functions of vitamin B12: B12 acts as a cofactor for two key enzymatic reactions: Methionine Synthase (cytoplasm): Converts homocysteine methionine Requires methylcobalamin Supports DNA synthesis via the folate cycle (regenerates tetrahydrofolate) Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase (mitochondria): Converts methylmalonyl-CoA succinyl-CoA Requires adenosylcobalamin Involved in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism Elevated vitamin B12 (hypervitaminemia B12) While vitamin B12 deficiency is commonly discussed, elevated serum B12 (hypercobalaminemia) is less common and often overlooked or misinterpreted
The expression of genes for a series of antioxidant-related enzymes (-glutamylcysteine synthetase, GSH reductase, glutathione- S -transferase, GSH peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) in diverse tissues was upregulated by these supplements [35]
The NHS advises that most people obtain sufficient B12 from a balanced diet containing meat, fish, dairy products, and fortified foods
Thein et al., 2020)
