GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy are groundbreaking treatments for type 2 diabetes and obesity
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and spin trapping EPR with spin traps (e.g., DMPO/DEPMPO families) provides direct radical evidence and kinetics but typically requires higher concentrations and controlled matrices
In contrast, Glp1r mRNA was not reduced in lung (which is enriched in GLP-1Rexpressing ECs) (12), other major and minor blood vessels (aortic arch, abdominal aorta, aortic root, carotid artery, portal vein), cardiac chambers (atria, ventricles, interventricular septum), or brain regions such as the brain stem, hypothalamus, cortex, or cerebellum (Figure 1, IL, and Supplemental Figure 1, AL
Long-term use requires ongoing medical supervision to monitor for side effects, adjust dosing, and ensure the treatment continues to provide benefit
The reduced form of GSH acts as a main intracellular antioxidative buffer with multifaceted action against tissue oxidative stressors [5]
These characteristics make it highly effective in inhibiting spoilage organisms, pathogens, and oxidative deterioration, thereby extending the shelf life of perishable foods
