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A 2023 injection-technique study comparing autoinjector adherence to manual pen adherence found that autoinjector users had 23% fewer injection-site errors (wrong angle, incomplete dose delivery, premature needle withdrawal) but 18% higher rates of injection-site bruising due to the spring-loaded insertion force (Bolge et al., Patient Preference and Adherence , 2023)

In contrast, coated and dissolving microneedles, which actively deliver therapeutic agents, undergo a more rigorous evaluation than new drug approvals [113]

The process was pro-inflammatory as it also promoted NLRP3 activation with subsequent production of mature IL-1 and IL-18, as well as GM-CSF, although IL-6 and TNF were unaffected

133 Kay, R

Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (2005) 25:20628

[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 138.Aikawa R, Nawano M, Gu Y, Katagiri H, Asano T, et al